Sains Malaysiana 52(10)(2023): 2761-2772

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5210-03

Phytoremediation for Nutrient Removal in an Environmentally Friendly Floating Cage System: A Field Experiment

(Fitoremediasi untuk Penyingkiran Nutrien dalam Sistem Sangkar Terapung Mesra Alam: Suatu Uji Kaji Lapangan)

LISMINING PUJIYANI ASTUTI^1,*, ANDRI WARSA¹, AGUS ARIFIN SENTOSA², DIDIK WAHJU HENDRO TJAHJO¹ & TARZAN SEMBIRING^3,4,5

¹Research Center for Conservation of Marine and Inland Water Resources, Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Jakarta-Bogor Km 48 Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia 16911

²Research Institute for Fish Resource Enhancement, Jalan Cilalawi No. 1, Jatiluhur, Purwakarta, West Java, Indonesia 41152

³Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, Jl. Cisitu lama 21/154 D, Bandung, West Java – Indonesia 40135

⁴Faculty of Medicine, University of Malahayati Jl. Pramuka No.27, Kemiling Permai, Kec. Kemiling, Kota Bandar Lampung, Lampung, Indonesia

⁵Colaborative Research Center of Zero Waste and Sustainability. Widya Mandala Catholic University, Surabaya. Jl. Kalijudan 37 Surabaya, 60114, Indonesia

Received: 13 December 2022/Accepted: 11 October 2023

Abstract

Aquaculture is one of the efforts to optimize the utilization of water bodies. Aquaculture using floating net cages is detrimental to water, namely causing pollution from uneaten feed and fish excretion. Water quality would be degraded due to eutrophication, oxygen depletion, and uncontrolled growth of algae and aquatic plants. High concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus mainly trigger water quality degradation and eutrophication. To reduce the negative impact of aquaculture activities in floating net cages in reservoir/lake waters, an environmentally friendly cage technology that is low waste is needed. The technology offered is a loop bio-phytoremediation system equipped with floating net cages, a water management system with recirculation, and plants. The floating net cage used is a double net where the upper net consists of two nets and a bottom net. The upper net is used for rearing carp fish, and the bottom net for tilapia. The plants used as phytoremediation agents were water spinach and vetiver grass. Moreover, the physical filter used for processed water before recirculating to the waterbody in the FNC consists of sand, palm fiber, and limestone layers. The results showed that the effectiveness of nutrient removal on water spinach hydroponic (HRT=15 h), vetiver grass wetland (HRT=36 h), and physical filters (HRT=2,4 h) in reducing nitrate was 83%, 86%, and 67%, respectively; maximal reduction of the organic matter reached 94%, 96%, and 96%, respectively; as well as the highest reduction in total phosphorus was 78%, 89%, and 82%, respectively.

Keywords: Environmentally friendly floating net cages; loop bio-phytoremediation system; phytoremediation agent; the removal of nutrient

Abstrak

Akuakultur adalah salah satu usaha untuk mengoptimumkan pemanfaatan badan air. Akuakultur menggunakan sangkar pukat apung menyebabkan impak negatif kepada air iaitu pencemaran yang berpunca daripada makanan yang tidak dimakan dan perkumuhan ikan. Kualiti air akan merosot disebabkan oleh eutrofikasi, kekurangan oksigen dan pertumbuhan alga dan tumbuhan akuatik yang tidak terkawal. Kemerosotan kualiti air dan eutrofikasi terutamanya dicetuskan oleh kehadiran kepekatan tinggi nitrogen dan fosforus. Bagi mengurangkan kesan negatif aktiviti akuakultur dalam sangkar jaring terapung di perairan takungan/tasik, teknologi sangkar mesra alam yang mempunyai sisa rendah diperlukan. Teknologi yang ditawarkan ialah sistem bio-fitoremediasi gelung yang dilengkapi dengan sangkar jaring terapung, sistem pengurusan air dengan peredaran semula dan tumbuhan. Sangkar jaring terapung yang digunakan ialah jaring berganda dengan jaring atas terdiri daripada dua jaring dan jaring bawah. Jaring atas digunakan untuk menternak ikan kap dan jaring bawah untuk ikan tilapia. Tumbuhan yang digunakan sebagai agen fitoremediasi ialah bayam air dan rumput vetiver. Penapis fizikal digunakan untuk memproses air sebelum diedarkan semula ke badan air dalam sangkar pukat ikan yang terdiri daripada pasir, sabut kelapa sawit dan lapisan batu kapur: Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa keberkesanan penyingkiran nutrien pada hidroponik bayam air (HRT=15 jam), tanah lembap rumput vetiver (HRT=36 jam) dan penapis fizikal (HRT=2.4 jam) dalam mengurangkan nitrat masing-masing adalah 83%, 86% dan 67%; pengurangan maksimum bahan organik masing-masing mencapai 94%, 96% dan 96%; serta pengurangan tertinggi dalam jumlah fosforus masing-masing ialah 78%, 89% dan 82%.

Kata kunci: Agen fitoremediasi; bio-fitoremediasi gelung; penyingkiran nutrien; sangkar jaring terapung mesra alam

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*Corresponding author; email: lisminingastuti@gmail.com